Conceptual survey of Generators and Power Electronics for Wind Turbines

id_joyride

Conceptual survey of Generators and

Power Electronics for Wind Turbines

L. H. Hansen, L. Helle, F. Blaabjerg, E. Ritchie, S. Munk-

Nielsen, H. Bindner, P. Sørensen and B. Bak-Jensen.

  

Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark

December 2001

Abstract

This report presents a survey on generator concepts and power electronic con-

cepts for wind turbines. The report is aimed as a tool for decision-makers and

development people with respect to wind turbine manufactures, utilities, and in-

dependent system operators as well as manufactures of generators and power

electronics.

The survey is focused on the electric development of wind turbines and it yields

an overview on:

·
State of the art on generators and power electronics.

·
Future concepts and technologies within generators and power electron-

ics.

·
Market needs in the shape of requirements to the grid connection.

This survey on generator and power electronic concepts was carried out in co-

operation between Aalborg University and Risø National Laboratory, in the

scope of the joint research programme Electric Design and Control.

  

The report has been reviewed by:

__________________

Anca Daniela Hansen

  

ISBN 87-550-2743-1

ISBN 87-550-2745-8 (Internet)

ISSN 0106-2840

                                             _________________

                                             Peter Hauge Madsen

Print: Pitney Bowes Management Services Denmark, 2002

Preface

The present report is a result of the co-operation between Aalborg University

and Risø National Laboratory within the scope of the research programme Elec-

tric Design and Control (EDS, alias Elektrisk Design og Styring).

The report has as an objective to compile and disseminate some of the knowl-

edge on generators and power electronics for wind turbines, which now is at

EDS’ disposal. In this work, the following persons have contributed to the re-

port writing:

·
Birgitte Bak-Jensen.

·
Henrik Bindner.

·
Frede Blaabjerg.

·
Lars Henrik Hansen.

·
Lars Helle.

·
Stig Munk-Nielsen.

·
Ewen Ritchie.

·
Poul Sørensen.

In order to focus the report towards the needs of the wind turbines manufactures

a task group consisting of:

·
NEG Micon: Niels Vilsbøll.

·
Vestas: Michael Kinch.

·
ABB: Hans Christian Christensen.

·
Siemens: Kim Eskildsen and Ulf Lindhard.

have been asked to contribute to this report by valuable input – in specific on

the concept evaluation criteria. Moreover, ABB and Siemens have kindly put

pictures and drawings at disposal for this report.

Finally, the four largest wind turbine gearbox manufactures have been asked to

supply specific gearbox data. The following two:

·
Brook Hansen Transmission

·
Lohmann & Solterfoht.

have contributed
with data which are used to point out trends on gearboxes.

Frontpage picture has been supplied by Vestas

                                 Risø-R-1205(EN)

  Contents
   
   Preface   3
   
   Acronyms and abbreviations   7
   
   1    Introduction   9
   
   1.1  Report outline   9
   
   1.2  State of the art   10
   
   1.2.1     Concepts and wind turbine configurations   11
   
   1.2.2     Market aspects   16
   
   1.2.3     Trends in wind turbine design   18
   
   2    Generic Generator Types   21
   
   2.1  Criteria for Assessment of Generator Types   21
   
   2.2  The Asynchronous Machine (Induction Machine)   21
   
   2.2.1     Squirrel Cage Induction Generator   22
   
   2.2.2     Wound rotor Induction Generator   23
   
   2.2.3     Principle of Operation   24
   
   2.2.4     Methods of Analysis   24
   
   2.2.5     Operational Characteristics – Normal Duty   24
   
   2.2.6     Operational Characteristics – Fault Conditions   25
   
   2.2.7     Axial Flux Induction Machines   25
   
   2.2.8      Efficiency of Induction Generators as a Function of Load and  
   
                Speed    25
   
   2.2.9     Well-Established or New Technology   26
   
   2.2.10   Gear or Direct Drive Multi-pole   26
   
   2.3  The Permanent Magnet Generator   26
   
   2.3.1     Permanent Magnet Generator   28
   
   2.3.2     Axial Flux Machines   29
   
   2.3.3     Hybrid Permanent Magnet machines   30
   
   2.3.4     Methods of Analysis of PMG   31
   
   2.3.5     Methods of loading the PMG   32
   
   2.3.6     Design Considerations   32
   
   2.3.7     Experimental Results   34
   
   2.3.8     Conclusion on PMG   36
   
   2.4  The Switched Reluctance Generator   37
   
   2.4.1     Principle of operation   38
   
   2.4.2     Operational Characteristics – Normal Duty   38
   
   2.4.3     Comparison with other types of machine   39
   
   2.4.4     Axial Flux Machines   39
   
   2.4.5     Methods for modelling and analysis   40
   
   2.4.6     Operational Characteristics – Fault Conditions   40
   
   2.4.7     Efficiency of the SRG as a Function of Load and Speed   40
   
   2.4.8     Well Established or New Technology   41
   
   2.4.9     One off Price   41
   
   2.4.10   Gear versus Multi-pole   41
   
   2.4.11   Other Comments   41
   
   2.4.12   Conclusion on SRG   41
   
   2.5  The Transverse Flux machine   41
   
   2.5.1     Reported machine type designs   42
   
   2.5.2     TFPM technology   43
   
   2.5.3     TFPM basic design   43
   
   2.5.4     Force production and calculation   45
   
   2.5.5     Flux linkage calculation   46
   
   2.5.6     Conclusion on TFPM Machine   46
   
   2.6  The Wound Rotor Generator   46
   
   2.6.1     Description   47
   
   2.6.2     Operation   50
   
   2.6.3     Conclusion on Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator   50
   
   2.7  The High Voltage Machine   50
   
   2.8  Trends and perspectives   52
   
   3    Power Electronic Concepts   56
   
   3.1  Criteria for concept evaluation   56
   
   3.2  Power converters   56
   
   3.2.1     Soft starter   56
   
   3.2.2     Capacitor bank   57
   
   3.2.3     Diode rectifier   58
   
   3.2.4     The back-to-back PWM-VSI   58
   
   3.2.5     Tandem converter   59
   
   3.2.6     Matrix converter   61
   
   3.2.7     Multilevel Converter   63
   
   3.2.8     Resonant converter   65
   
   3.2.9     Comparison of the five frequency converters   68
   
   3.3  Park solutions   69
   
   3.3.1     Reactive power compensation units   69
   
   3.3.2     Power regulation and storage units   70
   
   3.3.3     HVDC   71
   
   3.4  Trends and perspectives   73
   
   4    Grid Integration Issues   75
   
   
   
   4    Grid Integration Issues   75
   
   4.1  Grid Generics and Main Focus   75
   
   4.2  Power Quality and other Demands to Grid Connection   76
   
   4.2.1     Categorisation and characterisation of disturbances in the grid   77
   
   4.2.2     Equipment used to enhance the Power Quality.   80
   
   4.2.3     On/off apparatus, switches   81
   
   4.2.4     Stepwise controllable apparatus   81
   
   4.2.5     Continuously controllable apparatus   81
   
   4.2.6     Measures and indicators   83
   
   4.3  Standardised Grids   86
   
   4.3.1     Basic grid properties   86
   
   4.3.2     Various grid types   87
   
   4.3.3     Off-shore wind farms on the transmission grid   88
   
   4.4  Power system integration   89
   
   5    Summary   92
   
   References   95

Conceptual survey of Generators & Power Electronics For Wind Turbines.part2.rar (1.08 MB, 下载次数: 22)

2011-7-22 23:28 上传

点击文件名下载附件

Conceptual survey of Generators & Power Electronics For Wind Turbines.part1.rar (1.81 MB, 下载次数: 22)

2011-7-22 23:29 上传

点击文件名下载附件