High Voltage Engineering by M. S. Naidu - 1995[PDF]

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High Voltage Engineering by M. S. Naidu - 1995

                               
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ISBN: 0074622862
Title: High Voltage Engineering
Author: M. S. Naidu
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing
Publication Date: 1995-12-01
Number Of Pages: 384
Average Amazon Rating: 5.0

Preface .................................................................................. vii
1. Introduction ................................................................... 1
2. Conduction and Breakdown in Gases ......................... 12
2.1 Gases as Insulating Media ................................................ 12
2.2 Ionization Processes .......................................................... 12
2.3 Townsend's Current Growth Equation ............................... 16
2.4 Current Growth in the Presence of Secondary
Processes ........................................................................... 16
2.5 Townsend's Criterion for Breakdown ................................. 17
2.6 Experimental Determination of Coefficients α and γ ......... 18
2.7 Breakdown in Electronegative Gases ................................ 20
2.8 Time Lags for Breakdown .................................................. 23
2.9 Streamer Theory of Breakdown in Gases ......................... 24
2.10 Paschen's Law ................................................................... 26
2.11 Breakdown in Non-Uniform Fields and Corona
Discharges ......................................................................... 29
2.12 Post-Breakdown Phenomena and Applications ................
2.13 Practical Considerations in Using Gases for
Insulation Purposes ........................................................... 35
2.14 Vacuum Insulation .............................................................. 39
Questions .................................................................................... 44
Worked Examples ....................................................................... 45
References .................................................................................. 47
3. Conduction and Breakdown in Liquid
Dielectrics ...................................................................... 49
3.1 Liquids as Insulators .......................................................... 49
3.2 Pure Liquids and Commercial Liquids ............................... 52
3.3 Conduction and Breakdown in Pure Liquids ..................... 53
3.4 Conduction and Breakdown in Commercial Liquids ......... 56
Questions .................................................................................... 61
Worked Examples ....................................................................... 61
References .................................................................................. 63
4. Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics .................................... 64
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 64
4.2 Intrinsic Breakdown ............................................................ 65
4.3 Electromechanical Breakdown .......................................... 66
4.4 Thermal Breakdown ........................................................... 66
4.5 Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics in Practice ........................ 68
4.6 Breakdown in Composite Dielectrics ................................. 72
4.7 Solid Dielectrics Used in Practice ...................................... 77
5. Applications of Insulating Materials ............................ 91
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 91
5.2 Applications in Power Transformers .................................. 92
5.3 Applications in Rotating Machines ..................................... 93
Contents xi
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5.4 Applications in Circuit Breakers ......................................... 95
5.5 Applications in Cables ........................................................ 96
5.6 Applications in Power Capacitors ...................................... 98
5.7 Applications in Electronic Equipment ................................ 100
References .................................................................................. 103
6. Generation of High Voltages and Currents ................. 104
6.1 Generation of High d.c. Voltages ....................................... 104
6.2 Generation of High Alternating Voltages ........................... 121
6.3 Generation of Impulse Voltages ........................................ 129
6.4 Generation of Impulse Currents ......................................... 143
6.5 Tripping and Control of Impulse Generators ..................... 147
Questions .................................................................................... 150
Worked Examples ....................................................................... 151
References .................................................................................. 155
7. Measurement of High Voltages and Currents ............. 157
7.1 Measurement of High Direct Current Voltages ................. 157
7.2 Measurement of High a.c. and Impulse Voltages:
Introduction ......................................................................... 164
7.3 Measurement of High d.c., a.c. and Impulse
Currents .............................................................................. 203
7.4 Cathode Ray Oscillographs for Impulse Voltage and
Current Measurements ...................................................... 213
Questions .................................................................................... 217
Worked Examples ....................................................................... 219
References .................................................................................. 224
8. Overvoltage Phenomenon and Insulation
Coordination in Electric Power Systems .................... 226
8.1 National Causes for Overvoltages - Lightning
Phenomenon ...................................................................... 227
8.2 Overvoltage due to Switching Surges, System
Faults and Other Abnormal Conditions ............................. 251
8.3 Principles of Insulation Coordination on High
Voltage and Extra High Voltage Power Systems .............. 263
Questions .................................................................................... 278
Worked-Examples ...................................................................... 279
References .................................................................................. 286
9. Non-Destructive Testing of Materials and
Electrical Apparatus ..................................................... 288
9.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 288
9.2 Measurement of d.c. Resistivity ......................................... 288
9.3 Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Loss
Factor ................................................................................. 295
9.4 Partial Discharge Measurements ...................................... 308
Questions .................................................................................... 317
Worked Examples ....................................................................... 318
References .................................................................................. 321
10. High Voltage Testing of Electrical Apparatus ............ 322
10.1 Testing of Insulators and Bushings ................................... 322
10.2 Testing of Isolators and Circuit Breakers ........................... 329
10.3 Testing of Cables ............................................................... 333
10.4 Testing of Transformers ..................................................... 339
10.5 Testing of Surge Diverters ................................................. 342
10.6 Radio Interference Measurements .................................... 345
Questions .................................................................................... 348
References .................................................................................. 348
11. Design, Planning and Layout of High Voltage
Laboratories .................................................................. 350
11.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 350
Contents xiii
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11.2 Test Facilities Provided in High Voltage
Laboratories ....................................................................... 350
11.3 Activities and Studies in High Voltage Laboratories .......... 351
11.4 Classification of High Voltage Laboratories ....................... 352
11.5 Size and Ratings of Large Size High Voltage
Laboratories ....................................................................... 353
11.6 Grounding of Impulse Testing Laboratories ...................... 363
Questions .................................................................................... 366
References .................................................................................. 366
Author Index ........................................................................ 371
Index ..................................................................................... 368

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